Normally, the development of mathematics is reconstructed as a rational flow from assumptions to conclusions. In this reconstruction, the problematic is avoided, deleted, or at best minimized. What is radical about the approach in this book is the assertion that that creativity and understanding arise out of the problematic, out of situations I am calling ‘ambiguous’. Logic abhors the ambiguous, the paradoxical, and especially the contradictory, but the creative mathematician welcomes such problematic situations because they raise the question: ‘What is going on here?’ Thus the problematic signals a situation that is worth investigating. The problematic is a potential source of new mathematics. How a person responds to the problematic tells you a great deal about them. Does the problematic pose a challenge or is it a threat to be avoided? It is the answer to this question, not raw intelligence, that determines who will become the successful researcher or, for that matter, the successful student.
William Byers (2007) How mathematicians think, Princeton University Press: Princeton, p. 6 


